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.Jewish settlers founded the in the (5th to 10th centuries CE) and ( circa 1000–1299 CE). The community survived under, but suffered during the.

Accusations of during the (1346–53) led to mass slaughter of German Jews and they fled in large numbers to Poland. The Jewish communities of the cities of, and became the center of Jewish life during Medieval times. 'This was a golden age as area bishops protected the Jews resulting in increased trade and prosperity.' The began an era of persecution of Jews in Germany. Entire communities, like those of, Worms, Mainz and Cologne, were murdered.

The war upon the heretics became the signal for renewed persecution of Jews. The end of the 15th century was a period of religious hatred that ascribed to Jews all possible evils. The atrocities during the committed by 's (1648, in the Ukrainian part of southeastern Poland) drove the Polish Jews back into western Germany.

With Napoleon's fall in 1815, growing nationalism resulted in increasing repression. From August to October 1819, that came to be known as the took place throughout Germany. During this time, many stripped Jews of their civil rights. As a result, many German Jews began to emigrate.From the time of until the 20th century, the community gradually achieved, and then prospered. In January 1933, some 522,000 Jews lived in Germany. After the Nazis took power and implemented their and policies, the Jewish community was increasingly persecuted.

About 60% (numbering around 304,000) emigrated during the first six years of the Nazi dictatorship. In 1933, persecution of the Jews became an official policy. In 1935 and 1936, the pace of antisemitic persecution increased. In 1936, Jews were banned from all professional jobs, effectively preventing them from participating in education, politics, higher education and industry.

The (SS) ordered the Night of Broken Glass ( ) the night of November 9–10, 1938. The storefronts of Jewish shops and offices were smashed and vandalized, and many synagogues were destroyed by fire. Only roughly 214,000 Jews were left in Germany proper (1937 borders) on the eve of.Beginning in late 1941, the remaining community was subjected to systematic to ghettos and ultimately, to death camps in Eastern Europe. In May 1943, Germany was declared (clean of Jews; also judenfrei: free of Jews). By the end of the war, an estimated 160,000 to 180,000 German Jews had been killed by the and their collaborators. A total of about 6 million European Jews were murdered under the direction of the Nazis, in the genocide that later came to be known as.After the war, the Jewish community in Germany started to slowly grow again. Beginning around 1990, a spurt of growth was fueled by immigration from the, so that at the turn of the 21st century, Germany had the only growing Jewish community in Europe, and the majority of German Jews were Russian-speaking.

By 2014, the Jewish population of Germany had leveled off at 118,000, not including non-Jewish members of households; the total estimated enlarged population of Jews living in Germany, including non-Jewish household members, was close to 250,000.Currently in Germany, or that six million Jews were murdered in the Holocaust (§ 130 StGB) is a criminal act; violations can be punished with up to five years of prison. In 2006, on the occasion of the held in Germany, the then Interior Minister of Germany, urged vigilism against far-right extremism, saying: 'We will not tolerate any form of extremism, xenophobia, or anti-Semitism.' In spite of Germany's measures against these groups and anti-Semites, a number of incidents have occurred in recent years. Jews wearing the depicted ca.

1185 in the of the Abbess of.Jewish migration from Roman Italy is considered the most likely source of the first Jews on German territory. While the date of the first settlement of Jews in the regions which the called, and is not known, the first authentic document relating to a large and well-organized Jewish community in these regions dates from 321 and refers to on the (Jewish immigrants began settling in Rome itself as early as 139 BC ). It indicates that the legal status of the Jews there was the same as elsewhere in the.

They enjoyed some civil liberties, but were restricted regarding the dissemination of their culture, the keeping of non-Jewish slaves, and the holding of office under the government.Jews were otherwise free to follow any occupation open to indigenous Germans and were engaged in agriculture, trade, industry, and gradually money-lending. These conditions at first continued in the subsequently established kingdoms under the and, for took root slowly. The rulers who succeeded to the Burgundian empire were devoid of fanaticism and gave scant support to the efforts of the Church to restrict the civic and social status of the Jews.(800–814) readily made use of the Church for the purpose of infusing coherence into the loosely joined parts of his extensive empire, by any means a blind tool of the.

He employed Jews for diplomatic purposes, sending, for instance, a Jew as interpreter and guide with his embassy to. Yet, even then, a gradual change occurred in the lives of the Jews. The Church forbade Christians to be, so the Jews secured the monopoly of money-lending.

This decree caused a mixed reaction of people in general in the Frankish empire (including Germany) to the Jews: Jewish people were sought everywhere, as well as avoided. This ambivalence about Jews occurred because their capital was indispensable, while their business was viewed as disreputable. This curious combination of circumstances increased Jewish influence and Jews went about the country freely, settling also in the eastern portions ( and ). Aside from Cologne, the earliest communities were established in Mainz, Speyer, and.The status of the German Jews remained unchanged under Charlemagne's successor,.

Jews were unrestricted in their commerce; however, they paid somewhat higher taxes into the state treasury than did the non-Jews. A special officer, the Judenmeister, was appointed by the government to protect Jewish privileges.

The later Carolingians, however, followed the demands of the Church more and more. The bishops continually argued at the for including and enforcing decrees of the canonical law, with the consequence that the majority Christian populace mistrusted the Jewish unbelievers. This feeling, among both princes and people, was further stimulated by the attacks on the civic equality of the Jews.

Beginning with the 10th century, became more and more a period of antisemitic activities, yet the emperors did not treat the Jews badly, exacting from them merely the taxes levied upon all other merchants. Although the Jews in Germany were as ignorant as their contemporaries in secular studies, they could read and understand the Hebrew prayers and the Bible in the original text. Studies began to flourish about 1000.At that time, was teaching at and Mainz, gathering about him pupils from far and near. He is described in Jewish as a model of wisdom, humility, and piety, and became known to succeeding generations as the 'Light of the '. In highlighting his role in the religious development of Jews in the German lands, (1901–1906) draws a direct connection to the great spiritual fortitude later shown by the Jewish communities in the era of the Crusades:He first stimulated the German Jews to study the treasures of their religious literature. This continuous study of the and the produced such a devotion to Judaism that the Jews considered life without their religion not worth living; but they did not realize this clearly until the time of the Crusades, when they were often compelled to choose between life and faith. Cultural and religious centre of European Jewry The Jewish communities of the cities of, and formed the league of cities which became the center of Jewish life during Medieval times.

These are referred to as the ShUM cities, after the first letters of the Hebrew names: for Speyer ( Shpira), for Worms ( Varmaisa) and for Mainz ( Magentza). The (: תקנות שו'ם‎ 'Enactments of ShUM') were a set of decrees formulated and agreed upon over a period of decades by their Jewish community leaders. The official website for the city of Mainz states:One of the most glorious epochs in Mainz's long history was the period from the beginning of the 900s and evidently much earlier. Following the barbaric, a relatively safe and enlightened period brought peace and prosperity to Mainz and much of central–western Europe.For the next 400 years, Mainz attracted many Jews as trade flourished. The greatest Jewish teachers and rabbis flocked to the Rhine. Their teachings, dialogues, decisions, and influence propelled Mainz and neighboring towns along the Rhine into world-wide prominence.

Their fame spread, rivaling that of other post- cities such as. Western European – or Germanic – Judaism became centered in Mainz, breaking free of the traditions.

A was founded in the 10th century by.Historian John Man describes Mainz as 'the capital of European ', noting that Gershom ben Judah 'was the first to bring copies of the Talmud to Western Europe' and that his directives 'helped Jews adapt to European practices.' : 27–28 Gershom's school attracted Jews from all over Europe, including the famous biblical scholar; and 'in the mid-14th century, it had the largest Jewish community in Europe: some 6,000.' 'In essence,' states the City of Mainz web site, 'this was a golden age as area bishops protected the Jews resulting in increased trade and prosperity.' A period of massacres (1096–1349). Mobs of French and German led by ravaged Jewish communities in Speyer, Worms, and Mainz during the of 1096.The began an era of persecution of Jews in Germany, especially in. Entire communities, like those of, Worms, Mainz, and Cologne, were murdered.

The was saved by the bishop, but. About 12,000 Jews are said to have perished in the Rhenish cities alone between May and July 1096. Alleged crimes, like desecration of the host, ritual murder, poisoning of wells, and treason, brought hundreds to the stake and drove thousands into exile. Jews were alleged to have caused, though they suffered equally with the Christians.

Jews suffered intense persecution during the of 1298. In 1336 were subjected to massacres by the lawless bands of. When the swept over Europe in 1348–49, some Christian communities accused Jews of poisoning wells.

In the of 1349, the members of the entire Jewish community were murdered or expelled from the city, due to superstitions about the Black Death. Royal policy and public ambivalence towards Jews helped the persecuted Jews fleeing the German-speaking lands to form the foundations of what would become the largest Jewish community in Europe in what is now Poland/Ukraine/Romania/Belarus/Lithuania.In the Holy Roman Empire. Etching of the expulsion of the Jews from Frankfurt on August 23, 1614: The text says, '1,380 persons old and young were counted at the exit of the gate.' The legal and civic status of the Jews underwent a transformation under the Holy Roman Empire. Jewish people found a certain degree of protection with the emperor of the, who claimed the right of possession and protection of all the Jews of the empire. A justification for this claim was that the Holy Roman Emperor was the successor of the emperor Titus, who was said to have acquired the Jews as his private property.

The German emperors apparently claimed this right of possession more for the sake of taxing the Jews than of protecting them.A variety of such taxes existed., was a prolific creator of new taxes. In 1342, he instituted the 'golden sacrificial penny' and decreed that every year all the Jews should pay the emperor one kreutzer out of every gulden of their property in addition to the taxes they were already paying to both the state and municipal authorities. The emperors of the house of Luxembourg devised other means of taxation. They turned their prerogatives in regard to the Jews to further account by selling at a high price to the princes and free towns of the empire the valuable privilege of taxing and the Jews., via the, granted this privilege to the seven electors of the empire when the empire was reorganized in 1356.From this time onward, for reasons that also apparently concerned taxes, the Jews of Germany gradually passed in increasing numbers from the authority of the emperor to that of both the lesser sovereigns and the cities. For the sake of sorely needed revenue, the Jews were now invited, with the promise of full protection, to return to those districts and cities from which they had shortly before been expelled. However, as soon as Jewish people acquired some property, they were again plundered and driven away. These episodes thenceforth constituted a large portion of the medieval history of the German Jews.

Emperor was most expert in transferring to his own coffers gold from the pockets of rich Jews. He made compacts with many cities, estates, and princes whereby he annulled all outstanding debts to the Jews in return for a certain sum paid to him. Emperor Wenceslaus declared that anyone helping Jews with the collection of their debts, in spite of this annulment, would be dealt with as a robber and peacebreaker, and be forced to make restitution. This decree, which for years allegedly injured the public credit, is said to have impoverished thousands of Jewish families during the close of the 14th century.

Jews burned alive for the alleged in, in 1338, and in, in 1492; a woodcut from the (1493)The 15th century did not bring any amelioration. What happened in the time of the Crusades happened again.

The war upon the became the signal for renewed persecution of Jews. The Jews of Austria, and passed through all the terrors of death, forced baptism, or voluntary for the sake of their faith.

When the Hussites made peace with the Church, the Pope sent the Franciscan friar to win the renegades back into the fold and inspire them with loathing for heresy and unbelief; 41 martyrs were burned in alone, and all Jews were forever banished from Silesia. The friar brought a similar fate upon the communities in southern and western Germany. As a consequence of the fictitious confessions extracted under torture from the Jews of, the populace of many cities, especially of Regensburg, fell upon the Jews and massacred them.The end of the 15th century, which brought a new epoch for the Christian world, brought no relief to the Jews. Jews in Germany remained the victims of a religious hatred that ascribed to them all possible evils.

When the established Church, threatened in its spiritual power in Germany and elsewhere, prepared for its conflict with the culture of the Renaissance, one of its most convenient points of attack was rabbinic literature. At this time, as once before in France, Jewish converts spread false reports in regard to the Talmud, but an advocate of the book arose in the person of, the German humanist, who was the first one in Germany to include the Hebrew language among the humanities.

His opinion, though strongly opposed by the and their followers, finally prevailed when the humanistic permitted the Talmud to be printed in Italy.Moses Mendelssohn. Though reading German books was forbidden in the 1700s by Jewish inspectors who had a measure of police power in Germany, Moses Mendelson found his first German book, an edition of Protestant theology, at a well-organized system of Jewish charity for needy Talmud students.

Mendelssohn read this book and found proof of the existence of God – his first meeting with a sample of European letters. This was only the beginning to Mendelssohn's inquiries about the knowledge of life. Mendelssohn learned many new languages, and with his whole education consisting of Talmud lessons, he thought in Hebrew and translated for himself every new piece of work he met into this language. The divide between the Jews and the rest of society was caused by a lack of translation between these two languages, and translated the Torah into German, bridging the gap between the two; this book allowed Jews to speak and write in German, preparing them for participation in German culture and secular science.

In 1750, Mendelssohn began to serve as a teacher in the house of Isaac Bernhard, the owner of a silk factory, after beginning his publications of philosophical essays in German. Mendelssohn conceived of God as a perfect Being and had faith in 'God's wisdom, righteousness, mercy, and goodness.' He argued, 'the world results from a creative act through which the divine will seeks to realize the highest good, ' and accepted the existence of miracles and revelation as long as belief in God did not depend on them. He also believed that revelation could not contradict reason. Like the deists, Mendelssohn claimed that reason could discover the reality of God, divine providence, and immortality of the soul. He was the first to speak out against the use of excommunication as a religious threat. At the height of his career, in 1769, Mendelssohn was publicly challenged by a Christian apologist, a pastor named, to defend the superiority of Judaism over Christianity.

From then on, he was involved in defending Judaism in print. In 1783, he published Jerusalem, or On Religious Power and Judaism. Speculating that no religious institution should use coercion and emphasized that Judaism does not coerce the mind through dogma, he argued that through reason, all people could discover religious philosophical truths, but what made Judaism unique was its revealed code of legal, ritual, and moral law. He said that Jews must live in civil society, but only in a way that their right to observe religious laws is granted, while also recognizing the needs for respect, and multiplicity of religions.

He campaigned for emancipation and instructed Jews to form bonds with the gentile governments, attempting to improve the relationship between Jews and Christians while arguing for tolerance and humanity. He became the symbol of the Jewish Enlightenment, the Haskalah.Early 18th Century.

Was considered to be one of the most eminent institutions of Jewish-Gerrman learningJewish intellectuals and creative professionals were among the leading figures in many areas of Weimar culture. German university faculties became universally open to Jewish scholars in 1918. Leading Jewish intellectuals on university faculties included physicist; sociologists, and; philosophers and; political theorist; sexologist and pioneering advocate, and many others. Seventeen German citizens were awarded Nobel prizes during the (1919–1933), five of whom were Jewish scientists.

The German-Jewish literary magazine, was established in 1925. It published essays and stories by prominent Jewish writers such as and until its liquidation by the Nazi government in 1938. Jews under the Nazis (1933–45).

German Jewish passports could be used to leave, but not to return.Beginning August 17, 1938, Jews with first names of non-Jewish origin had to add Israel (males) or Sarah (females) to their names, and a large J was to be imprinted on their passports beginning October 5. On November 15 Jewish children were banned from going to normal schools. By April 1939, nearly all Jewish companies had either collapsed under financial pressure and declining profits, or had been forced to sell out to the Nazi German government. This further reduced Jews' rights as human beings. They were in many ways officially separated from the German populace.

Synagogue at, c. The structure was destroyed in 1938.The increasingly, regime which was being imposed on Germany by Hitler allowed him to control the actions of the SS and the military. On November 7, 1938, a young Polish Jew, attacked and shot two German officials in the Nazi German embassy in Paris. (Grynszpan was angry about the treatment of his parents by the Nazi Germans.) On November 9 the German Attache, died. Goebbels issued instructions that demonstrations against Jews were to be organized and undertaken in retaliation throughout Germany.

The SS ordered the Night of Broken Glass to be carried out that night, November 9–10, 1938. The storefronts of Jewish shops and offices were smashed and vandalized, and many synagogues were destroyed by fire. Approximately 91 Jews were killed, and another 30,000 arrested, mostly able bodied males, all of whom were sent to the newly formed concentration camps. In the following 3 months some 2,000–2,500 of them died in the concentration camps, the rest were released under the condition that they leave Germany. Many Germans were disgusted by this action when the full extent of the damage was discovered, so Hitler ordered that it be blamed on the Jews.

Collectively, the Jews were made to pay back one billion (equivalent to 4 billion 2009 euros) in damages, the fine being raised by confiscating 20 per cent of every Jewish property. The Jews also had to repair all damages at their own cost. Jews emigrating from Berlin to the United States, 1939Increasing antisemitism prompted a wave of Jewish mass emigration from Germany throughout the 1930s.

Among the first wave were intellectuals, politically active individuals, and Zionists. However, as Nazi legislation worsened the Jews' situation, more Jews wished to leave Germany, with a panicked rush in the months after in 1938.Palestine was a popular destination for German Jewish emigration. Soon after the Nazis' rise to power in 1933, they negotiated the with authorities in, which was signed on August 25, 1933.

Under its terms, 60,000 German Jews were to be allowed to emigrate to Palestine and take $100 million in assets with them. During the, between 1929 and 1939, a total of 250,000 Jewish immigrants arrived in Palestine—more than 55,000 of them from Germany, Austria, or Bohemia. Many of them were doctors, lawyers, engineers, architects, and other professionals, who contributed greatly to the development of the Yishuv.The was another destination for German Jews seeking to leave the country, though the number allowed to immigrate was restricted due to the. Between 1933 and 1939, more than 300,000 Germans, of whom about 90% were Jews, applied for immigration visas to the United States. By 1940, only 90,000 German Jews had been granted visas and allowed to settle in the United States. Some 100,000 German Jews also moved to Western European countries, especially, and the. However, these countries would later be occupied by Germany, and most of them would still fall victim to.

Another 48,000 emigrated to the and other European countries. The Holocaust in Germany. Administrative divisions of in 1944.Overall, of the 522,000 Jews living in Germany in January 1933, approximately 304,000 emigrated during the first six years of Nazi rule and about 214,000 were left on the eve of World War II. Of these, 160,000-180,000 were killed as a part of the Holocaust. On May 19, 1943, only about 20,000 Jews remained and Germany was declared (clean of Jews; also judenfrei: free of Jews).Germany’s largest concentration camp and extermination camp, was in a portion of Germany that had been annexed by the country at the beginning of World War II.

Germany killed up to 1.5 million people at Auschwitz; 90 percent of them were Jews. Also among the dead were around 83,000 Poles and 19,000. Persistence of antisemitism During the medieval period antisemitism flourished in Germany. Especially during the time of the from 1348 to 1350 hatred and violence against Jews increased. Approximately 72% of towns with a Jewish settlement suffered from violent attacks against the Jewish population.After World War I Antisemitism grew again, during the time of the Weimar Republic and later on during the Nazi reign.Regions that suffered from the were 6 times more likely to engage in anti-Semitic violence during the 1920s, the Nazi parties like the, and gained a 1.5 times higher voting share in the 1928 election, their inhabitants wrote more letters to anti-Semitic newspapers like “”, and they deported more Jews during the Nazi reign. This is due to cultural transmission.A simple model of cultural transmission and Persistence of attitudes comes from Bisin and Verdier who state, that children acquire their preference scheme through imitating their parents, who in turn attempt to socialize their children to their own preferences, without taking into consideration if these traits are useful or not.Economic factors had the potential to undermine this persistence throughout the centuries.

Hatred against outsiders was more costly in trade open cities, like the members of the Hanseatic League. Faster growing cities saw less persistence in anti-Semitic attitudes, this may be due to the fact that trade-openness was associated with more economic success and therefore higher migration rates into this regions. Jews in Germany from 1945 to the reunification When the Soviet army took over Berlin in 1945, only 8,000 Jews remained in the city, all of them either in hiding or married to non-Jews. Most German Jews who survived the war in exile decided to remain abroad; however, a small number returned to Germany.

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Additionally, approximately 15,000 German Jews survived the concentration camps or survived by going into hiding. These German Jews were joined by approximately 200,000, Eastern European Jewish Holocaust survivors. They came to Allied-occupied western Germany after finding no homes left for them in eastern Europe (especially in Poland) or after having been liberated on German soil. The overwhelming majority of the DPs wished to emigrate to and lived in Allied- and U.N.-administered refugee camps, remaining isolated from German society. When became independent in 1948, most European-Jewish DPs left for the new state; however, 10,000 to 15,000 Jews decided to resettle in Germany. Despite hesitations and a long history of antagonism between German Jews ( ) and East European Jews ( Ostjuden), the two disparate groups united to form the basis of a new Jewish community. In 1950 they founded their unitary representative organization, the.Jews of West Germany The Jewish community in from the 1950s to the 1970s was characterized by its social conservatism and generally private nature.

Although there were Jewish elementary schools in West Berlin, and, the community had a very high average age. Few young adults chose to remain in Germany, and many of those who did married non-Jews. Many critics of the community and its leadership accused it of ossification. In the 1980s, a college for Jewish studies was established in; however, a disproportionate number of its students were not Jewish.

By 1990, the community numbered between 30,000 and 40,000. Although the Jewish community of Germany did not have the same impact as the pre-1933 community, some Jews were prominent in German public life, including mayor; Minister of Justice (and Deputy Chief Justice of the ); Attorney General; former Hesse Minister of Economics Heinz-Herbert Karry; West Berlin politician Jeanette Wolff; television personalities, and; Jewish communal leaders, and (see: ), and Germany's most influential literary critic,.Jews of East Germany The Jewish community of communist numbered only a few hundred active members. Most Jews who settled in East Germany did so either because their pre-1933 homes had been there or because they had been politically leftist before the Nazi seizure of power and, after 1945, wished to build an antifascist, socialist Germany. Most such politically engaged Jews were not religious or active in the official Jewish community. They included writers such as, Colonel General, singer, composer, and politician. Many East German Jews to Israel in the 1970s.Jews in the reunited Germany (post-1990).

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See also: Historical German Jewish populationYearPop.±%1871512,1,612+9.9%1890567,884+0.9%1900586,833+3.3%1910615,021+4.8%1925564,379−8.2%1933503,000−10.9%1939234,000−53.5%1941164,000−29.9%195037,000−77.4%199030,000−18.9%199560,000+100.0%2002100,000+66.7%2011119,000+19.0%Source:.The end of the contributed to a growth in the Jewish people of Germany. An important step for the renaissance of Jewish life in Germany occurred in 1990 when convened with Heinz Galinski, to allow Jewish people from the former Soviet Union to emigrate to Germany, which led to a large Jewish emigration. Germany is home to a nominal Jewish population of more than 200,000 (although this number reflects non-Jewish spouses or children who also immigrated under the Quota Refugee Law); 104,024 are officially registered with Jewish religious communities. The size of the Jewish community in Berlin is estimated at 120,000 people, or 60% of Germany's total Jewish population.

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Today, between 80 and 90 percent of the Jews in Germany are Russian speaking immigrants from the former. Many also move to Germany, particularly, for its relaxed atmosphere and low cost of living., a Facebook asking Israelis to emigrate to Berlin, gained notoriety in 2014.

Some eventually return to Israel after a period of residence in Germany. There are also a handful of Jewish families from Muslim countries, including,. Germany has the third-largest Jewish population in Western Europe after France (600,000) and Britain (300,000). And the fastest-growing Jewish population in Europe in recent years.

The influx of immigrants, many of them seeking renewed contact with their Ashkenazi heritage, has led to a renaissance of Jewish life in Germany. In 1996, -Lubavitch of Berlin opened a center. In 2003, Chabad-Lubavitch of Berlin ordained 10 rabbis, the first rabbis to be ordained in Germany since World War II. In 2002 a Reform rabbinical seminary, was established in. In 2006, the college announced that it would be ordaining three new rabbis, the first Reform rabbis to be ordained in Germany since 1942.Partly owing to the deep similarities between and Germanhave become a popular academic study, and many German universities have departments or institutes of Jewish studies, culture, or history. Active Jewish religious communities have sprung up across Germany, including in many cities where the previous communities were no longer extant or were moribund.

Several cities in Germany have Jewish day schools, facilities, and other Jewish institutions beyond synagogues. Additionally, many of the Russian Jews were alienated from their Jewish heritage and unfamiliar or uncomfortable with religion. American-style (which ), has re-emerged in Germany, led by the, even though the Central Council of Jews in Germany and most local Jewish communities officially adhere to Orthodoxy. The is the nationally sanctioned organization to manage the German-Jewish community.In Germany it is a criminal act to or that six million Jews were murdered in the Holocaust (§ 130 StGB); violations can be punished with up to five years of prison.

In 2007, the Interior Minister of Germany, pointed out the official policy of Germany: 'We will not tolerate any form of extremism, xenophobia or anti-Semitism.' Although the number of right-wing groups and organisations grew from 141 (2001) to 182 (2006), especially in the formerly communist East Germany, Germany's measures against right-wing groups and antisemitism are effective: according to the annual reports of the the overall number of far-right extremists in Germany has dropped in recent years from 49,700 (2001), 45,000 (2002), 41,500 (2003), 40,700 (2004), 39,000 (2005), to 38,600 in 2006. Germany provided several million euros to fund 'nationwide programs aimed at fighting far-right extremism, including teams of traveling consultants, and victims' groups'. Despite these facts, Israeli Ambassador Shimon Stein warned in October 2006 that Jews in Germany feel increasingly unsafe, stating that they 'are not able to live a normal Jewish life' and that heavy security surrounds most synagogues or Jewish community centers. Yosef Havlin, Rabbi at the Chabad Lubavitch in Frankfurt, does not agree with the Israeli Ambassador and states in an interview with in September 2007 that the German public does not support far-right groups; instead, he has personally experienced the support of Germans, and as a Jew and rabbi he 'feels welcome in his (hometown) Frankfurt, he is not afraid, the city is not a no-go-area'.A flagship moment for the burgeoning Jewish community in modern Germany occurred on November 9, 2006 (the 68th anniversary of ), when the newly constructed was dedicated in, Germany.